哲學史-philosophy of history(英文版)

第11部分 (第1/7頁)

object　of　History　in　a　more　definite　shape　than　before；　that　in　which　Freedom　obtains　objectivity；

and　lives　in　the　enjoyment　of　this　objectivity。　For　Law　is　the　objectivity　of　Spirit；　volition　in　its　true

form。　Only　that　will　which　obeys　law；　is　free；　for　it　obeys　itself　…　it　is　independent　and　so　free。

When　the　State　or　our　country　constitutes　a　munity　of　existence；　when　the　subjective　will　of

man　submits　to　laws；　…　the　contradiction　between　Liberty　and　Necessity　vanishes。　The　Rational

has　necessary　existence　as　being　the　reality　and　substance　of　things；　and　we　are　free　in　recognising

it　as　law；　and　following　it　as　the　substance　of　our　own　being。　The　objective　and　the　subjective　will

are　then　reconciled；　and　present　one　identical　homogeneous　whole。　For　the　morality　（Sittlichkeit）

of　the　State　is　not　of　that　ethical　（moralische）　reflective　kind；　in　which　one's　own　conviction　bears

sway；　this　latter　is　rather　the　peculiarity　of　the　modern　time；　orality　is　based

on　the　principle　of　abiding　by　one's　duty　＇to　the　state　at　large＇。　An　Athenian　citizen　did　what　was

required　of　him；　as　it　were　from　instinct；　but　if　I　reflect　on　the　object　of　nay　activity；　I　must　have

the　consciousness　that　my　will　has　been　called　into　exercise。　But　morality　is　Duty　…　substantial

Right　…　a　〃second　nature〃　as　it　has　been　justly　called；　for　the　first　nature　of　man　is　his　primary

merely　animal　existence。

§　42

The　development　in　extenso　of　the　Idea　of　the　State　belongs　to　the　Philosophy　of　Right；　but　it

must　be　observed　that　in　the　theories　of　our　time　various　errors　are　current　respecting　it；　which

pass　for　established　truths；　and　have　bee　fixed　prejudices。　We　will　ment